从openbox了解Linux桌面相关知识

码农天地 - 2021-01-04 09:08:36

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OpenBox是什么？

Openbox 是运行于搭载X11的GNU/Linux上的轻巧窗口管理器，Openbox 以GPL协议方式开放源代码，是免费自由软件。Openbox基于Blackbox，后者被认为原始窗口管理器之一（即代码自有）。

总言之：openbox是窗口管理器

如果不用窗口管理器，会怎么样？

       如果linux下，没有窗口管理器，程序也能正常运行。

       但明显的变化，就是没有“标题栏”，程序也不能用鼠标进行拖动。

        还有明显的变化，按“Start+D”也不能返回到桌面了

由此可见，这些都跟窗口管理器有关，而不是你自己程序控制的。

或换句话，如果你觉得“标题栏”不符合你的程序风格，并不是通过程序本身代码修改，而是通过配置窗口管理器的参数去配置

实际上，我们可以归纳总结下：

你的程序显示界面

       UI库（像qt）

　　窗口管理器（像openbox）

       视窗系统（像x11）

       硬件驱动

如下图：

openbox有哪些优点？也就是，我们什么时候应该用

速度非常快，资源占用极少。（适合嵌入式，也就意味着可能存在一些考虑不周的情况）可高度定制化，能够对应用程序加以灵活控制。（配置灵活，的确挺好，而且很好理解）能够绑定键盘和鼠标。比如，你可以为程序设定启动快捷键，也可以为最小/大化窗口设置热键。对于鼠标，同样如此。具有自动启动脚本，能够随机自动启动各种程序。主题资源丰富，与 *box 类视觉样式兼容。Openbox 的外观是简约而不简单。支持会话，可深入 GNOME、KDE、Xfce 等桌面环境使用。换句话说，Openbox 可替代这些桌面环境中默认的窗口管理器，而其他桌面组件仍旧保持原样。

另外，本质上源码也比较少，如果出现一些问题，也可以通过修改源码的方式，也会容易一些

好了，openbox介绍也差不多。我们来了解下，openbox精华部分，配置

配置文件在  

/etc/xdg/openbox/
有几个xml
可以看下

menu.xml 

首先，让我们来创建一个一级菜单。要定义一个菜单，我们需要使用 <menu> 标签。该标签具有 id、label、以及 execute 属性：

id：每一个菜单项目都必须指定一个唯一的 id，以用来区分其他菜单项目。label：用来描述一个菜单的名称。execute：执行一个命令，常用于创建动态菜单。

例如，我们可以将 Openbox 的 Root 菜单定义如下：<menu id="root-menu" label="Openbox Root Menu"> ... </menu>

如果一个菜单中没有任何项目，我想是不能称其为真正的菜单吧。所以，我们还需要为菜单创建具体的菜单项目。要定义菜单项目，我们可以使用 <item> 标签。与 <menu> 标签一样，<item> 标签也具有描述菜单项目名称的 label 属性。我们试着扩展上面的例子：

<menu id="root-menu" label="Openbox Root Menu">
<item label="URxvt">
...
</item>
...
</menu> 

现在，我们已经有了一个名为 URxvt 的菜单项目。根据该名称的命名初衷，我们当然希望通过该菜单项目能够启动 URxvt 终端程序。要完成这个任务，我们需要使用 <action> 标签。该标签主要用来执行一个操作，比如启动程序。<action> 标签具有 name 属性。我们继续扩展先前的例子：

<menu id="root-menu" label="Openbox Root Menu">
<item label="URxvt">
<action name="Execute">
...
</action>
</item>
...
</menu> 

该例中 name 属性已经包含了“Execute”值，其作用是启动一个程序。

我想，你已经猜到接下来我们需要做什么了。要启动程序，没有具体的命令是不行的。这可以通过 <command> 标签来完成。我们仍以前面的例子来说明：

<menu id="root-menu" label="Openbox Root Menu">
<item label="URxvt">
<action name="Execute">
<command>urxvt</command>
</action>
</item>
...
</menu> 

值得一提的是，命令可以附带路径或选项参数。

几个特殊的菜单项目

在此，我们介绍几个较为特殊的菜单项目：

分隔线：可以使用 <separator> 标签在菜单项目间绘制一条分隔线。<separator> 标签同样具有 label 属性。需要注意的是，因为 <separator> 标签没有具体的内容，所以在关闭该标签时，应照下面的方式进行：

<separator />

这是另一个例子，包含 label 属性：

<separator label="tools" />

重新配置 Openbox：使用该菜单项目的好处是，当你对 Openbox 的配置文件进行修改后，不必注销系统便可即时生效。该菜单项目定义如下：

<item label="Reconfigure">
<action name="Reconfigure" />
</item>

注意，这里 <action> 标签的关闭方式与 <separator> 一样。

重新启动 Openbox：

<item label="Restart">
<action name="Restart" />
</item>

退出 Openbox：

<item label="Exit">
<action name="Exit" />
</item>

注销会话：

<item label="Session Logout">
<action name="SessionLogout" />
</item>

注意，需要启动带会话支持的 Openbox 才有效。

rc.xml

<keybind key=”W-d”>
<action name=”ToggleShowDesktop”/>
</keybind>
b. rc.xml中的”截屏”快捷键, 截取当前窗口, ctrl+Print Screen

<keybind key=”C-Print”>
<action name=”Execute”>
<command>scrot -s “/home/allblue/pictures/scrot/cut-%m.%d-%H%M%S.png”</command>
</action>
</keybind>
全屏载取, Print Screen

<keybind key=”Print”>
<action name=”Execute”>
<command>scrot “/home/allblue/pictures/scrot/screen-%m.%d-%H%M%S.png”</command>
</action>
</keybind>
c. rc.xml多媒体快捷键设置
音量放大

<keybind key=”XF86AudioRaiseVolume”>
<action name=”Execute”>
<command>amixer set Master 5%+ unmute</command>
</action>
</keybind>
静音

<keybind key=”XF86AudioMute”>
<action name=”Execute”>
<command>amixer set Master toggle</command>
</action>
</keybind>
打开主页

<keybind key=”XF86HomePage”>
<action name=”Execute”>
<command>firefox</command>
</action>
</keybind>
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